Full explanation
Quality control: State Inspectorate for Agriculture, seed labs at the Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination. Price differential (wheat, April 2026 [VERIFY]): PB UAH 45 000+/t, SE UAH 25 000–35 000/t, E UAH 15 000–22 000/t, R-1 UAH 12 000–16 000/t, R-2 UAH 11 000–13 000/t, R-3 UAH 10 000–12 000/t. For commercial production, most farms use R-1 and R-2. Re-seeding saved grain = R-3 and lower, with risk of varietal drift (5–10% per 3–4 years of re-sowing), seed-borne infection (Fusarium, smut), stored-grain pests (weevils). Per DSTU, seed-production plots require 2–5 m isolation and field-inspection control. Seed exports to the EU require ISTA certification (ista.ch) — an extra quality tier. Trade-off: cheaper R-3 costs 5–10% yield loss per year.