Full explanation
TSW as seed quality indicator: higher TSW = greater endosperm reserves = faster, more vigorous seedling start. Sowing — top TSW fractions recommended. For yield: TSW + seed number = two key yield components. Drivers: genetics (variety/hybrid), grain-fill conditions (July–August for winter cereals, August–September for corn/sunflower), water supply, diseases (Septoria, Fusarium lower TSW), pests (sunn pest feeding cuts TSW 5–10%). TSW is one of four key grain quality indicators (with protein, gluten, falling number). Wheat class 3 TSW ≥35 g, class 2 ≥38 g. Test: count 1000 random kernels on a scale accurate to 0.01 g, or with an electronic grain analyzer (MultiGrain, Infratec).