Full explanation
DSTU minimums for Class I seed (R-1+): winter wheat LG ≥92%, barley ≥92%, corn ≥92%, sunflower ≥85%, rapeseed ≥85%, soybean ≥80%. Seed labs — at the Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination (sops.gov.ua), oblast State Food Safety Service offices, private ISTA-accredited (Syngenta, BASF, Corteva). Field germination depends on: soil temperature at sowing (wheat 8–16°C optimum, corn 10–15°C), moisture, depth, seed health, treatment. Seeding rate formula: target plant density × 10 000 / (germination × 1000-seed weight). Example: winter wheat, 4.5 million plants/ha target, LG 92%, TSW 42 g → rate = 4500 × 10 × 42 / 92 = ~205 kg/ha. Trade-off: saving on low-germination seed = row gaps = yield loss. Pre-sowing germination test costs UAH 200–500 but prevents major losses.