Full explanation
Registration procedure: (1) application with a seed sample to the Ukrainian Institute of Plant Variety Examination (UIPVE); (2) 2–3-year field trials in 3–7 ecological zones; (3) comparative trials against standards; (4) DUS examination (Distinctness, Uniformity, Stability) under international UPOV procedure; (5) approval by Ministry of Agrarian Policy order. For imported varieties — accelerated examination of 1–2 seasons if already registered in the EU. Breeder's rights last 25 years (field crops) or 30 years (perennials). Coverage in Ukraine: cereals ~3,500 varieties, oilseeds ~800, vegetables ~2,200, potato ~400, fruits ~1,200, grape ~300, ornamentals ~2,000. Violations — fines up to UAH 340k + criminal liability. For seed export from Ukraine to the EU — mandatory OECD Seed Scheme certificate.