Full explanation
Categories: (1) MICROBIAL — Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt for Lepidoptera caterpillars — Lepidocide, Dipel DF), Bacillus subtilis (against fungal diseases — Fitosporin, Serenade), Trichoderma (against Fusarium — Trichodermin, Prestige); (2) ENTOMOPHAGES — Trichogramma (targeting moth eggs — 80k larvae/ha on maize at UAH 150–250/ha), Chrysoperla (green lacewing); (3) BIOCHEMICAL — NeemAzal (ecdysone blocker), pheromone traps, mating-disruption dispensers; (4) RNA-interference — experimental, not registered in Ukraine. Registration in Ukraine's State Register of Pesticides is mandatory. Leading Ukrainian producers: BTU-Center, Enzym (Ladyzhyn), NativLine. EU 2018/848 (organic production) allows only biologicals — critical for entering the organic market with a +25–60% premium. Advantages: safe for humans and bees (PHI 0–1 day), slower resistance build-up, irrigation-compatible. Drawbacks: UV- and temperature-sensitive (<25°C optimal), slower action (3–10 days), narrower spectrum.