Full explanation
Certification process: (1) apply to an accredited body (Organic Standard, Ecolight, Bio.Inspecta); (2) transition period 2 years (annuals), 3 years (perennials); (3) field and paperwork inspection (planning, rotation, fertigation, pest control, storage); (4) certificate valid 1 year, annual renewal. Prohibited: mineral fertilizers (except natural — ash, dolomite, sylvinite), synthetic pesticides, GMOs, synthetic feed additives, antibiotics (except veterinary necessity with double withdrawal PHI). Allowed: manure, compost, green manure, bio-crop-protection (Bacillus thuringiensis, Trichogramma), mechanical tools (flame-weeder, tractor cultivation), copper (up to 6 kg/ha/year per EU). Market premium: +25–60% over conventional price. Ukraine 2025 certified area: 420k ha (3.5% of arable), ~650 operators. Leading exports: soy (120k t/yr), wheat (85k t), buckwheat, barley, organic sunflower oil.