Full explanation
Insecticides are divided into contact (acting on direct contact), systemic (absorbed by the plant — neonicotinoids, IRAC 4A), and stomach types (toxic when ingested). Leading products in Ukraine: Karate Zeon (Syngenta, pyrethroid IRAC 3A), Aktara (Syngenta, thiamethoxam IRAC 4A — EU field-use restrictions from 2018), Decis (Bayer, deltamethrin IRAC 3A), Coragen (FMC, chlorantraniliprole IRAC 28). Treatment cost is UAH 200–600/ha on cereals and 500–1,200/ha on vegetables. Critical control points: aphids on cereals at stem elongation, cutworms and rapeseed pests, Colorado potato beetle. Observing the pre-harvest interval (PHI) and rotating IRAC groups is essential to prevent resistance.