Full explanation
Baselines under DSTU 3768:2018 (wheat), 4525:2006 (rapeseed), 7011:2009 (sunflower). Above-baseline moisture triggers: (1) ACTUAL drying costs + margin; (2) REJECTION — moisture >18% (wheat) or >16% (maize) risks self-ignition. Energy components: (1) propane (~25–35 kWh/t per 1%), (2) diesel, (3) electricity for dryers. In 2022–2025 Ukraine's grid destruction pushed electricity prices 1.5–2× higher. Alternatives: (1) harvest at 1–2% lower moisture; (2) pre-harvest desiccation; (3) silobag storage at 13–14% moisture. Maize has the largest discount due to high natural harvest moisture (22–28%). Economics: 1,000 t maize at 25% moisture × 11 points × UAH 50/t = UAH 550,000 drying.