Full explanation
Used: (1) glyphosate 360–540 g/L — cheap (UAH 180–280/L), effective, PHI 7–14 days, but EU-MRL limits are now critical; (2) diquat (Reglone) — fast (3–7 days), expensive (UAH 900–1,400/L), PHI 7 days, EU-permitted; (3) carfentrazone (Aurora) — targeted for rapeseed; (4) glufosinate — a glyphosate substitute for EU-sensitive crops. Indications: (1) sunflower — uneven head maturity, rainy autumn, fast harvest needed; (2) soy — high-scatter plant, moisture reduction from 22% to 14–15%; (3) rapeseed — pod shattering, 2–5% loss reduction. Rules: (1) wait for physiological maturity (BBCH 87–89 for sunflower), (2) no desiccation within 24 h of rain (runoff), (3) mandatory export-phytosanitary documentation. 2025 MRL scandals with Ukrainian sunflower oil in the EU over glyphosate pushed many large agri-holdings to switch to diquat.