Full explanation
Grain-hopper types: (1) 70-tonne 11-1500 (the UZ majority); (2) 72-tonne 19-758 (newer); (3) private 65-70 t — Kernel, Nibulon, ADM, COFCO, Cargill. Allocation channels: (1) PROZERNO — UZ's electronic auction platform (prozorno.gov.ua); (2) SUBSCRIPTION — large clients sign annual contracts. April 2026 tariffs: UZ base rate UAH 370–450/t for 500–800 km (central Ukraine to Odesa), +20–50% in harvest season due to wagon shortages. Private wagons: UAH 420–580/t. Critical issues: (1) seasonal shortage — farmers wait 2–4 weeks in Aug-Oct; (2) drone/missile wagon damage — ~600 units lost in 2024–2025; (3) ageing fleet — 40% of UZ wagons are older than 25 years. 2025–2026 reform: ProZerno transition with dynamic pricing, blockchain tracking.