Full explanation
Phases: (1) 0–30 days (colostrum + ramp) — growth from 15 to 25 kg; (2) 30–80 days (peak) — 28–35 kg Holstein, 22–28 Simmental; (3) 80–200 days (5%/month decline) — good persistence 90–92%; (4) 200–305 days (late) — 12–18 kg; (5) 305+ dry-off. Persistence = % yield 30 days after peak. <80% = poor health; >90% is ideal. 5% persistence loss = −5–8% annual ECM (−800–1,200 kg milk). Typical Ukrainian Holstein 305-day yield: 7,500–10,500 kg on average, 12,000–15,000 at top-10 pedigree farms (Ternopil 2025). Analysis: monthly DHI reports, curves plotted via agri-management systems (UNIFORM-Agri, AfiMilk, DairyComp 305). Curve smoothing via balanced TMR, stable DMI, and metabolic-disease control.