Full explanation
In the formula: M = milk volume in kg/day, F = fat mass in kg/day (M × fat% / 100), P = protein mass in kg/day. Example: Holstein 30 kg/day at 3.8% fat and 3.1% protein → F = 1.14 kg, P = 0.93 kg → ECM = 0.327×30 + 12.95×1.14 + 7.2×0.93 = 31.27 kg ECM. Jersey at 18 kg/day with 5.0% fat, 3.8% protein → ECM = 22.45 kg. In 3.5/3.2-normalized terms, Holstein produces 31 vs Jersey 22 kg — Holstein wins on volume, but Jersey is denser in fat-protein per kg DMI. ICAR (International Committee for Animal Recording) established ECM as the global standard in 1995. Ukraine applies it in DHI pedigree cards since 2019 per NAAS methodology. Target levels for Ukrainian farms: 28–32 kg/day peak in Holstein, 22–26 in Simmental, 25–28 in URDD.