Full explanation
GRID-TIED: panels + basic inverter, no battery. Surplus sold to the grid; at night or cloudy hours the grid supplies. Cost 1 kWp — UAH 18–25k. ROI 5–7 years under the previous FIT, 10–14 years under the 2025 Net Billing. Does not work during outages (a big drawback during Ukraine's 2022–2025 crisis). OFF-GRID: panels + LFP battery + inverter, no grid connection. 100% autonomy. Cost 1 kWp + 3–4 kWh LFP — UAH 45–60k. Requires 2–3× panel oversize, generator backup. HYBRID: panels + battery + grid + hybrid inverter with EPS. Best for Ukraine 2026. Works during outages (switches to battery in 10–20 ms), stores surplus, sells to grid when full. Cost 1 kWp + 6–8 kWh LFP — UAH 35–45k. ROI 7–10 years. For farms with priority loads (milking parlour, milk cooling), minimum is 5 kW hybrid inverter + 10 kWh LFP.