Full explanation
Generation formula: E (kWh/year) = P (kWp) × H (peak sun hours) × PR (performance ratio, typically 0.75–0.85). Kyiv H=1,150 h; Odesa H=1,300 h; Lviv H=1,000 h. Investment April 2026: full 10 kWp on-grid system = UAH 280–380k (UAH 28–38k/kWp); off-grid with 30 kWh LFP battery = UAH 550–750k. Payback: previously 5–7 years under the feed-in tariff (FIT), since 2025 under net billing (surplus sold at market price × 0.85), payback extended to 7–10 years. Farms with livestock should prioritize solar because peak consumption (milking parlour, ventilation, milk cooling) aligns with peak insolation. Constraint: after 2022–2025 energy-grid destruction, many regions cap grid connection capacity (≤30 kW per point in Western Ukraine, ≤15 kW in the East).