Full explanation
FRAC groups are labelled by number (e.g. 3 triazoles, 7 SDHI, 11 strobilurins, 40 CAA). Key rules: (1) no more than two applications of the same FRAC group per season, (2) mixtures must include a multi-site partner (e.g. mancozeb FRAC M03), (3) confirmed resistance requires a 2–3 season exclusion. Ukraine's main risk is Zymoseptoria tritici strobilurin (FRAC 11) resistance on winter wheat in the Western Forest-Steppe (Volyn, Lviv, Rivne oblasts). Flagship fungicides by FRAC group: Falcon (3+5), Amistar (11), Ridomil Gold (4+40), Aviator Xpro (3+7). Every product in the State Register of Pesticides lists its FRAC number.