Full explanation
A CMR waybill is the mandatory document for international road transport (Ukraine-Poland, Ukraine-Romania, Ukraine-Hungary). It contains: shipper, consignee, goods description, weight, value, route, date, signatures. Carrier liability: up to 8.33 Special Drawing Rights/kg cargo (≈USD 10/kg gross in April 2026). For a full 20-tonne grain loss: 20,000 kg × USD 10 = USD 200,000 max compensation, covering 30–50% of quality-wheat value. For extra protection, exporters buy All Risks insurance from London Lloyd's at 0.2–0.5% of CIF value. Typical Ukraine → EU route: Odesa/Kyiv/Lviv → Shehyni → Korczowa (PL) → European network. 2024–2025 Polish-Ukrainian border wait times of 2–48 h due to farmer protests. Electronic CMR (e-CMR) became mandatory in the EU from 2025.