Full explanation
Three WTO agri pillars: (1) MARKET ACCESS — tariff quotas and import duties. Ukraine is bound at 10–15% tariff rates on most agri-products; (2) DOMESTIC SUPPORT — (a) Green box — unlimited; (b) Amber box (market-distorting payments) — capped at AMS (USD 3.04 billion); (c) De minimis — 5% of production value; (3) EXPORT SUBSIDIES — banned since 2015 per the Nairobi Declaration. Ukraine remains within commitments; the 5-7-9 credit programme is classified as Green Box. POLISH GRAIN DISPUTE 2023–2026: in September 2023 Poland imposed a temporary ban on Ukrainian grain imports. Ukraine filed a WTO complaint (DS619), still under review. 2024 — the Emergency Brake triggered for eggs, honey, sugar, oats, and groats under Polish farmer protest pressure. 2026 — the upgraded DCFTA (29.10.2025) partially resolved the dispute via sensitive-goods quota increases. Implications for Ukrainian farmers: export regime stability, protection from partner discrimination, framing for state-support calculations.