Full explanation
Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy (UBWD) — a cross of native cattle with Holstein (25–75% Holstein genetics, approved 1996). Characteristics: 600–700 kg body weight, 3.4–3.8% milk fat, 3.0–3.2% protein. Ukrainian Red Dairy (URD, approved 1993) — from Red Danish + Ayrshire + native population, with higher fat 3.6–4.0% and protein 3.3–3.4%. The 2025 Ukrainian commercial cow herd is 385,000 head (+3% YoY, the first increase since Independence — Infagro data, January 2026). Top-10 pedigree herds 2025 (per Ternopil ODA data): «Velyka Vilshanka» LLC 13,583 kg, «Agroklin» 12,450 kg, «Lvivagroprom» 11,099 kg. State support for breeding — Law 3678-IV. Highest annual yield recorded in Ukraine: 15,212 kg (Holstein, «Agro-Maxim» LLC, Khmelnytskyi oblast, 2023).