Full explanation
Ukraine-specific issues: (1) winter wheat — 2–6 weeks post-harvest dormancy, so in-field pre-harvest sprouting (the 'bread dew' phenomenon) is an anomaly that in especially wet years (August 2023) caused pre-harvest sprouting in the ear and millions of tonnes of quality loss; (2) weeds (ragweed, lambsquarters, pigweed, foxtail) — 5–20 year dormancy in soil seed bank, so rotation doesn't clear a field quickly; (3) winter crops — require vernalization (3–6 weeks cold <5°C) to break dormancy and enter stem elongation; (4) rapeseed — partially dormant in hot autumns. Dormancy mechanisms: physical (hard seed coat), physiological (abscisic acid, ABA), morphological (underdeveloped embryo). Artificial breaking in breeding: stratification (cooling), scarification (mechanical coat damage), chemical (gibberellins GA3, KNO₃).