Full explanation
Insurance types: (1) SINGLE-PERIL — protection against 1 risk (hail, rain, frost), rate 1–3%; (2) MULTI-PERIL CROP INSURANCE (MPCI) — covers all natural risks including drought, rate 4–8%; (3) PARAMETRIC (index insurance) — payout based on an objective indicator (NOAA rainfall, satellite soil moisture); (4) REVENUE PROTECTION — combined yield+price risk, 8–15% premium. Insured amount: typically 60–80% of expected yield × base price. Deductibles: 0% (full), 10%, 20%, 30%. Leading Ukrainian insurers: ARX (ex-AXA Ukraine), Providna, INGO, Universalna, PZU, UNIQA. Process: (1) insurance act with field assessment + history; (2) premium payment — 50% from state subsidy; (3) on claim — 72 h notification + insurer's agronomist assessment + payout in 30–60 days. Ukrainian coverage 2025: ~20% of arable.