Full explanation
Ballast liquids: (1) calcium chloride (CaCl₂, 35% solution) — cheap, density 1.28 kg/L, freeze point −50°C, but corrosive to rims; (2) sugar molasses — non-toxic, lower density, high viscosity; (3) propylene glycol (Beet-Heet, Rim Guard) — non-toxic, non-corrosive, density 1.0–1.3 kg/L, freeze point −35°C, but costly. Modern Western standard (JD, Fendt) recommends propylene glycol or no liquid ballast at all, substituting solid ballast. Ballast purpose: (1) traction in heavy operations — +5–12% drawbar pull; (2) tractor stability under front loads; (3) 10–15% less slip. Drawbacks: higher soil compaction; greater tire wear; puncture repair complications.